Nature and Logic Essay -- essays research papers

Philosophy 103: Introduction to Logic The Nature of Logic Abstract: Some of the uses of logic are illustrated, and deductive arguments are briefly distinguished from inductive arguments. I. Logic is the study of the methods and principles used in distinguishing correct from incorrect reasoning. B. Logic differs from psychology in being a normative or a prescriptive discipline rather than a descriptive discipline. 1. I.e., it prescribes how one ought to reason; it's not concerned with how one actually does reason. 2. Logic is concerned with laying down the rules for correct reasoning. 3. Consequently, logic seeks to distinguish good arguments from poor ones. II. How Logic helps reasoning: A. "Practice makes better." Some examples of how this course can help reasoning about the world are as follows. 1. Consider this syllogism: All followers of Senator Jones are in favor of higher taxes. All communists are in favor of higher taxes. All followers of Senator Jones are communists. It will become easy for us to recognize the fallacy in this argument as the fallacy of the undistributed middle term. 2. Consider this informal argument: In spite of the large number of UFO spottings that can be attributed to weather conditions and known aircraft and other factors, there are hundreds of sightings that cannot be accounted for. Hence, we can safely conclude that UFO's exit. Consider this counter-example: In spite of the large number of quarters put under kid's pillows which can be attributed to sneaky parents, brothers, sisters, and so forth, there are hundreds of cases which cannot be accounted for. Therefore, the tooth fairy exits. B. As well, this course can help with "the negative approach"—that we avoid errors by being aware of them, e.g., being aware of common formal and informal fallacies. 1. Consider the passage, "Napoleon became a great emperor because he was so short." In this short argument, the fallacy of false cause (or non causa pro causa) occurs. If this argument were good, all or most short persons would become great emperors. 2. Consider the passage, "People in developing countries get old as an earlier age, because the average life expectancy is so short in those countries." Due to infant mortality, people do not get older more quickly; the fallacy of division occurs. C. Methods, criteria, and t... ...t bottom I did not believe I had touched that man. The law of probabilities decreed me guiltless of his blood, for in all my small experience with guns I had never hit anything I had tried to hit and I knew I had done my best to hit him." 3. Or consider extrapolation techniques used in stock market prediction, e.g., the wedge formation. V. What logic is not: A. Logic is not the science of the laws of thought--in which case it would be a descriptive science like psychology. 1. Sometimes people can come to conclusions reliably without being able to know or explain how the conclusion was reached. E.g., the so-called intuitive type of personality. 2. Often people can come to the right conclusion for the wrong reasons. Logic is the study of the modes of correct reasoning as shown in an interpersonal manner. B. Logic is not really the science of reasoning either because the logician is not interested in the psychological processes of reasoning. 1. The logician is interested in the structure of arguments. 2. People infer statements and statements entail other statements. 3. We want to say that the entailment is there even though someone does not at this time understand it.

Hsm310 Hipaa Assignment

| You Decide| Activity| Assignment Responses| Part I| From the Chief Compliance Officer (CCO) perspective on HIPAA, contemplate the three basic areas which HIT professionals must be most concerned with are: (1) Privacy Rules (2) Security Rules, and (3) Standardized transaction code sets| Write a paragraph on each of the 3 critical areas of HIPAA for a training session of your staff. Explain what they are, why they are important and how they impact staff duties and the organization. | HIPAA Rules(1)Privacy Rules: According to the U. S Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), the HIPAA Privacy Rule establishes national standards to protect individuals’ medical records and other personal health information and applies to health plans, health care clearinghouses, and those health care providers that conduct certain health care transactions electronically. It’s important because the Rule requires appropriate safeguards to protect the privacy of personal health information, and sets limits and conditions on the uses and disclosures that may be made of such information without patient authorization. This rule impacts the staff by: Not sharing the information with others who have no need to know, including co-workers, family members or friends, minimizing opportunities for patient information to be overheard by others, never sharing passwords, disposing of information containing PHI properly such as shredding paper files(2)Security Rules: The HIPAA Security Rule establishes national standards to protect individuals’ electronic personal health information that is created, received, used, or maintained by a covered entity. The Security Rule is important because it requires appropriate administrative, physical and technical safeguards to ensure the confidentiality, integrity, and security of electronic protected health information. It impacts the organization by forcing the healthcare industry to adopt uniform electronic transaction standards for Healthcare information, . (3)Standardized transaction code sets rules: This rule is designed to improve claims and management revenue cycle. It important because it helps save physicians thousands of dollars annually by using the standard transactions. It impacts the organization because some health insurers still have not adopted all of the standard transactions and because of the inconsistency it creates a burden for physician practices| Part II| Leading experts in HIPAA implementation agree that the first step toward HIPAA compliance is to Inventory the organization’s data| Fill out the attached HIPAA inventory form for your organization. List the various departments from where you have retrieved data. Indicate how the data will be used. | Department HIPAA Inventory (1) Health Information Management Services: a. A critical issue would be who can and cannot have access to health information b. Having only access at a specific time frame. For instance, only Monday- Friday between 8 and 4, but to patients only. (2) Clinical Nursing Services: c. A critical issue concerning Clinical Nursing Services is the staffing. The staffing effects patient safety and quality care. d. The issue can be addressed by cutting spending for other personnel, such as unlicensed caregivers, housekeepers, and other support staff. The amount of non-nursing work performed by RNs in inpatient units could increase, and investments in medical technology and facilities to improve the quality of care could be deferred. (3) Credit Department: e. A critical issue would be hospitals continue to face volume declines, which negatively impact the bottom line. f. Since patient experience impacts the bottom line, with the increase in consumer savvy patients and the emergence of ratings sites, recognition programs, and other efforts, the issue can be addressed by incorporating pay-for-performance programs based on satisfaction outcomes as part of their financial arrangements. This should make the financial implications greater than ever. According to â€Å"healthcare industry news† An increasing amount of research and writing has been done on the subject, offering healthcare managers an â€Å"evidence-based† case for improving the service encounter. | Part III| In a modern US hospital, the individual responsible for assembling a HIPAA implementation team generally holds the title  Chief Compliance Officer, with the Chief Information Officer (CIO) in the primary role of electronic communication, and all data compliance. The CCO assures the CIO and HIMS Director that they may in fact release private health information (PHI) for TPO with a written authorization. What is TPO and why is the CCO correct under HIPAA? | Operational Activities and HIPAATreatment (T) is when a health care professional provides, coordinates or manages the health care services of one or more providers. Payment (P) means the activities we perform to get reimbursed for the health care services we have provided. Operations (O): include activities that ensure our effective business operations. These include, conducting quality assessment and improvement activities, reviewing the competence or qualifications of health care professionals, evaluating practitioner and provider performance, etc The CCO is correct under HIPAA because The HIPAA Privacy Rule permits a health care provider to disclose protected health information about an individual, without the individual’s authorization, to another health care provider for that provider’s treatment of the individual. | Fill in the areas required to complete the assignment questions above Works Cited Health Information Privacy. (n. d. ). Retrieved December 2011, from http://www. hhs. gov/ocr/privacy/hipaa/administrative/securityrule/index. html Hospital Impact. (n. d. ). Retrieved December 2011, from http://www. hospitalimpact. org/index. php/2011/12/01/p3571 Hospital Nurse Staffing and Quality of care. (n. d. ). Retrieved December 2011, from http://www. ahrq. gov/research/nursestaffing/nursestaff. htm#Strategies

Racial Profiling in Modern Society - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 9 Words: 2711 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2019/08/16 Category Society Essay Level High school Tags: Racial Profiling Essay Did you like this example? In recent years, racial profiling has become a controversial matter throughout the US law enforcement policy. According to Miller (2007), racial profiling has become an omnipresent term throughout American policing, leading to an unclear consensus pertaining to its actual meaning. Society has formed a basic definition in concern with racial disparities in traffic stops from law enforcement. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Racial Profiling in Modern Society" essay for you Create order This influences the assumption of profiling to appear whether to hire, enforce a traffic stop, or even acknowledge suspicion of someone (Miller, 2007). While racial profiling brings a great amount of attention towards the public, policy makers, and police officers personally, one major outcome following this sort of attention aligns with the desire to bring attention towards the issue of policy that potentially prohibit this behavior that could be characterized as racial profiling (Miller, 2007). Focusing on the policy perspective of the issue, various nonprofit groups such as the American Civil Liberties Union, the Police Executive Research Forum, and even the International Association of Chiefs of Police have identified racial profiling as being a growing issue for law enforcement nationwide (Miller, 2007). The act of using ones race or ethnicity for justification of suspecting them of committing an offense has been portrayed in various ways, stopping drivers for minor traffic violations to carry out a search or deciding which pedestrian will be stopped and searched for illegal contraband. In addition, racial profiling has been used in means to target and exploit individuals in the investigation of illegal immigration and ties to terrorism. As the amount of profiling incidents remain continuous, the spotlight on the issue at hand continues to widen, including an increase in the tension and dispute within the trust of law enforcement to maintain public safety. While it may have a direct impact on the victims, racial profiling shows a ripple effect throughout the remainder of society in the aspects of business, health and public safety. Miller (2007) expresses that from policy makers and police officials points of views, profiling is a secluded issue that is influenced by the actions of t he small percentage of unprofessional and racist officers. As a result, associations such as the International Association of Chiefs of Police insist that profiling is as much of an issue for police as it can be for perception of the reality of the concept, leading police organizations to considering a seizure on profiling as a problem in order to encourage a change in public perception versus organized or officer behavior (Miller, 2007). In the study conducted by Miller (2007), he mentions a study by the Law Enforcement Management and Administrative Statistics (LEMAS), and how it addresses the prevalence of police in response to threats directed at police image and legitimacy in regard to racial profiling. According to the data that was a result of this study by LEMAS, racial profiling has increased as a force culturally that leaves law enforcement unable to ignore. Since this data had been collected, it has been revealed that more and more law enforcement agencies are obtaining possession of a specific policy to address racial profiling (Miller, 2007). Before Racial Profiling While the term racial profiling has only been developed in recent years, the act of discrimination against ones race or ethnicity has been in use dating back to the pre-Civil War era. According to Harris (2006), this era had been known as a time of slaveholding giving citizens known as slave patrols the right to enter the homes of slaves, perform illegal searches and seizures, remove the resident from their home and administering beatings. What would later become recognized in the U.S. as a racial profiling scheme within law enforcement was related to the attempt by the U.S. government to attack drug trafficking beginning in the 1980s (Harris, 2006). Through this attempt the U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration or DEA, would use a list of commonly known characteristics to construct drug courier profiles and these profiles would be used to take aim at passengers on commercial airliners who may potentially be transferring a certain quantity of narcotics (Harris, 2006). Following an ext ensive amount of time involving accusations and denials, eventually states began to pass some form of legislation regarding the question of racial profiling, and research by Harris (2006) shows that these laws have encouraged data on police stops and searches and race to be gathered by law enforcement departments that are initially not obligated by law to do so. Today, racial profiling can be placed into two separate meanings, hard profiling and soft profiling. Hard profiling is used in terms of race being the only factor in assessing suspicious criminal behavior. Soft profiling is used when race is one of the factors among various others during probable cause when determining the purpose for a stop. Routine Traffic Stops Research according to Welch (2007) highlights the accuracy of disproportionate ties between African Americans and the act of crime. The common stereotype presented by Whites relates inherent characteristics of Blacks and the long-standing view of criminal behavior (Welch, 2007). Although it is proven that most criminal acts are committed by Whites, the most common perception of criminal behavior is assumed to be executed by Blacks. Racial profiling has the power to doubt the legitimacy of law enforcement and its policies. One of the largest ongoing debates regarding Blacks and the claimed used of racial profiling happens regarding traffic stops. Studies focused on racial profiling including research by Welch (2007) show a greater likelihood for Blacks to be stopped for minor traffic violations as well as nondriving traffic violations (e.g. vehicle defects, license and registration checks) than Whites. This doesnt consider in some cases being more likely to receive a ticket and/or be arrested during a traffic stop (Welch, 2007). Situations like these increase the chances of a separate, yet related, central issue of whether disparity of treatment initiates discrimination. Understanding the difference between the two can allow for the separation if a legal issue imposes. A disparity concerns a difference that may be the result of factors such as legal factors that do not present discrimination. Discrimination, on the other hand, concerns a difference based on contrasting treatments of groups disregarding their behavior and/or qualifications. Specifically related to traffic stops, if a law enforcement officer were to stop a motor vehicle from the impression based upon a level of probable cause (e.g. a violation of the motor vehicle code), this alone is based on disparity. What greater issues may surface following the matter occurring from the traffic stop can lead into crossing the line towards discrimination. With the media involved, this line can be exceptionally thin. Retail Profiling Although racial profiling research has been devoted to uncovering criminal activity within traffic stops, a larger discourse on the use of racial profiling has been in effect at airports in order to identify terrorists and shoplifters (Gabbidon Laws, 2013). Comprehensively, traffic stops and airports have gathered the most interest, but racial profiling in retail settings have recently begun to steal the spotlight in the perspective of both criminologists and business scholars. Blacks who have alleged they have been victim to racial profiling while shopping may describe this as shopping while black, but scholars tend to refer to this as consumer racial profiling (CRP) (Gabbidon Laws, 2013). In the setting of CRP, some can be so quick to victimize an individual by their race raising concern for continued investigation within this form of racial profiling. In business, having prior experience with minorities shoplifting may be a reoccurring claimed theme, leading to a perspective of minorities being more likely to steal, ultimately encouraging the blame through stereotyping (Gabbidon Laws, 2013). In this study Gabbidon and Laws (2013) show an issue with determining who should receive additional suspicion according to the location and neighborhood socio-economics alone. Once more, this increases the targeted minorities and the number of arrests within the minority group. War on Terrorism Racial profiling and its dependence from the government has profoundly extended since the incident on September 11, 2001. Prior to September 11, many Americans were found to be opposed to the concept of racial profiling, but this perspective suddenly changed and was made evident ever since the occurrence of September 11. Following this incident, the Federal Bureau of Investigation had reported an increase of 1600% in hate crimes against the American Muslim population which is estimated to be an average 5.4 million (Padela and Heisler, 2010) This event influenced the announcement of the War on Terrorism, a term describing the global counterterrorism campaign led and launched through America, leading to individuals being arrested, questioned, or detained countrywide due to victimization of racial profiling whether they were guilty or not. War on terrorism is. Critics through this period argued that this campaign had accomplished more damage than it had success seeing that the war in A fghanistan caused the al-Qaeda network to scatter, making it more difficult to counteract. In addition to influencing anti-Americanism throughout the Muslim world, uniting dissimilar groups with common cause. Simultaneously, within the nation, communities of Muslims and Arabs have become a target of U.S. governmental policies falling victim to racial profiling in airports and throughout the streets due to a widespread usage of media. Power Through Media When the media gets involved in public matter, it holds the power of influence on societys mind and perspective on any publicly announced incident. Many studies have overlooked the construction of the media and how easily it can manipulate the publics attitude on racial profiling through simple dialogue. As stated by Graziano, Schuck, and Martin (2010), what qualifies as a problem to the American public at any given moment has more to do with what people are paying attention to, and how they perceive the issue, than with objective conditions. Through framing the issue in a certain manner, the publics perception based on the underlying causes and possible consequences of the issue can be influenced (Graziano et al., 2010). When it comes to the media, racial hoaxes can be a common theme, in other words, when someone concocts a crime and places the blame on someone else because of their race or even when an actual offense has been committed and the blame is placed on an individual becau se of their race (Walker, Spohn, Delone, 2016). Hoaxes gain a great amount of publicity due to their sensational and violent tendencies. As mentioned by Walker et al. (2016), an infamous racial hoax was created by a woman named Susan Smith in South Carolina in the year 1994. She claimed an African-American male had stolen her car with her kids still trapped inside. Reality of the situation was this woman had driven her car, with her children in the backseat, into a lake. Profiling Through Healthcare In comparison with Whites, African Americans have dealt with a disproportionate burden in disease morbidity, mortality, disability, and injury dating back from the pre-Civil War era to present time (Mays, Cochran, Barnes, 2014). Researchers continue to recognize that something has gone wrong regarding the medical treatment of minority patients (Bowser, 2001). According to Bowser (2001), studies continuously reveal disparities between treatment decisions and seem unable to be explained through factors such as economic status, heath insurance status, or even condition upon presentation. However, racial profiling may not be a completely negative aspect in healthcare. As studied by Wolinsky (2011), racial profiling may be a stepping stone towards personalized health care in the form of race-based therapies and diagnostics. Wolinsky (2011) mentions in his study that knowledge of the human genome is increasing while providing openings for opportunities to market specific medical products toward various ethnic groups. While racial profiling works its way into everyday necessities such as healthcare, growing knowledge shuts discrimination down. As of a decade ago, a preliminary sequence of the human genome noted humans were almost the same genetically, which implicated the irrelevancy of race (Wolinsky, 2011). Arizonas New Approach In a different approach, Arizona recently passed a bill in 2010 that many argue is a form of racial bias against immigrants. Arizonas Senate Bill 1070 (S.B. 1070) was passed as an anti-illegal immigration measure and subsequently became known as one of the most broad and strict laws of its kind during the time that it had taken effect (Newman, 2017). As mentioned by Newman (2017), this law requires police to determine the immigrant status of someone arrested or detained when there is some reasonable suspicion that they are not a legal United States citizen. Formally, this law is entitled Support our Law Enforcement and Safe Neighborhoods Act. Prior to the passage of S.B. 1070, the community of Latinos in Arizona had been working to protect both the civil and human rights of Latinos in the state through organizations such as Somos America (We Are America), the National Day Labor Organizing Network, and Los Abogados (Newman, 2017). These were the beginnings of the efforts to combat ant i-Latino and anti-immigrant sentiment throughout the state. Newman (2017) addressed the national debate that the passing of S.B. 1070 had ignited with opponents of the law arguing a lead towards unconstitutional racial profiling with harassment of the Latino community among other minority groups of Arizona. Stop-And-Frisk Failed Remedy The release of the S.B. 1070 is similar to the stop-and-frisk laws in New York City due to the prevalence of racial profiling among each (Newman, 2017). Stop-and-frisk practices began in the 1960s and correlate with the racial profiling of searching and seizing beyond a reasonable suspicion. Reasonable suspicion falls slightly above a gut feeling and below probable cause leaving a low standard to be satisfied when articulating a reason for suspicion to stop and search an individual. The Daniels, et al. v. City of New York, et al. is the landmark case that followed the Terry decision. During this lawsuit, it was alleged that officers had stopped them because of their race and national origin, which was in clear violation of the 14th Amendments Equal Protection Clause (Newman, 2017). At the end of the settlement, it was determined that the New York Citys stop-and-frisk practices had in fact violated both the Fourth and Fourteenth Amendments governing the Court to order a remedial proce ss to which a new set of reforms would be created through the direct input of the people who were most affected by the discriminatory stop-and-frisk practices (Newman, 2017). There remain no laws that are in place to entirely end racial profiling, though it does violate a rudimentary principle of the nations democracy, equal protection of the law. Established in 1868 as the 14th amendment of the Constitution, proclaimed the citizenship of African-Americans and equal protection of these laws that included having the right to life, to liberty, property and due process. Rooted stereotypes and unconscious bias can be abraded through obtaining proper knowledge and exposure to those minorities who arent fit to common stereotypes, and these stereotypes and bias can be controlled by holding those accountable for their own decisions. Instead of allowing oneself to become tangled up in how the media portrays public occurrences, it should be priority to gain the appropriate knowledge of the matter at hand before jumping to any biases or opinions through the influence of others. The use of collected data on racial disparities in police stops should continue to elevat e to reduce problematic behaviors or assumptions. One of the greatest issues at hand to be controlled and eliminated is bias, and to relieve this comes back to acquiring and comprehending the proper knowledge. At the end of the day, it is against everything moral to judge an individual based strictly upon their physical characteristics. This in short is everything that racial profiling is. However, there does exist a group of American citizens who will continue to consider profiling as a tool for protection of security and punishing illegality. So long as this group exists, one that believes profiling creates more harm than benefits will stand alongside. By purposely placing groups as a target for threats, racial profiling brings forth pervasive scrutiny upon many undeserving and innocent citizens, generating a sense of exclusion, alienation, and unnecessary fear. In conclusion, regardless of the debatable views of the existence of racial profiling nationwide, it has continuously been proven by statistical data and social justice organizations to be very much alive in modern society. Since before the time of legalized slavery, racism and bigotry has relentlessly tormented this country. Due to the action of placing specific laws and protections not being taken into effect, racial profiling will refuse to cease.